Calculates surrogate indices of beta-cell insulin secretion from fasting and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) glucose/insulin measurements.
Usage
insulin_release(data, category = c("fasting", "ogtt"))Details
Required columns per category:
fasting:"G0","I0"ogtt:"G0","I0","G30","I30","G120","I120","sex","bmi"
Expected units: glucose (G0, G30, G120) in mmol/L, insulin (I0,
I30, I120) in pmol/L, bmi in kg/m^2, and sex as a male indicator
(male = 1, female = 0). The BIGTT-AIR and BIGTT-SI terms enter sex
as a linear multiplier, so any value other than 1 is treated as female;
females coded as 2 are handled correctly. Internally, insulin is
converted from pmol/L to microU/mL (value * 0.1667) and glucose from
mmol/L to mg/dL (value * 18) where the source formula was derived in
those units.
If a required column is missing, the corresponding indices are skipped
with a warning; missing values within a present column yield NA only
for the indices that depend on them.
Indices calculated:
Homa_beta(fasting): HOMA-beta, an estimate of steady-state beta-cell function.Cir(ogtt): Corrected Insulin Response.Stumvoll(ogtt): Stumvoll first-phase insulin release index.Xinsdg30(ogtt): insulinogenic index using the 0-30 min glucose increment.Xinsg30(ogtt): insulinogenic index using the 30 min glucose value.Di(ogtt): Disposition Index, transcribed exactly as reported in the Madsen (2024) index table:Xinsg30 * 1000 / (sqrt(G0_mgdl * I0_uU) * meanG_mgdl * meanI_uU).Bigtt_air(ogtt): BIGTT Acute Insulin Response.Dibig(ogtt): Disposition Index (Bigtt_air-based).
References
Madsen AL, et al. (2024). Genetic architecture of oral glucose-stimulated insulin release provides biological insights into type 2 diabetes aetiology. Nature Metabolism. doi:10.1038/s42255-024-01140-6
Examples
data(example_data)
insulin_release(example_data, category = "fasting")
#> G0 G30 G120 I0 I30 I120 sex bmi Glucagon0 Glucagon30 Glucagon120
#> 1 5.71 8.39 5.59 56.4 283.5 171.5 0 19.3 3.33 2.58 3.72
#> 2 5.06 8.45 6.31 39.7 153.9 115.1 0 29.4 13.71 10.10 6.92
#> 3 4.59 7.85 6.16 87.5 512.8 257.1 0 26.6 6.28 4.27 4.58
#> 4 5.29 7.72 7.01 71.7 390.1 67.7 1 21.4 11.36 8.71 8.77
#> 5 5.13 8.27 5.78 31.3 182.5 90.7 0 31.0 11.98 8.02 9.56
#> 6 5.20 9.56 5.12 52.9 374.3 155.3 1 27.7 9.40 7.17 9.05
#> 7 5.39 8.95 8.11 41.6 291.2 104.8 1 24.8 8.06 5.92 8.85
#> 8 5.01 8.24 5.79 42.4 221.1 172.1 1 29.6 10.50 6.71 9.53
#> 9 5.52 8.38 5.68 78.8 546.2 129.9 0 29.5 11.32 8.90 12.30
#> 10 5.09 6.65 6.01 72.5 296.1 171.5 0 29.3 12.65 9.67 12.55
#> 11 5.37 9.48 6.33 51.8 264.2 135.8 1 28.8 3.84 2.48 2.26
#> 12 5.75 7.78 8.28 38.2 218.7 125.8 1 28.2 5.09 3.91 3.05
#> 13 5.42 9.21 6.72 77.9 553.7 165.6 1 25.8 14.29 10.40 8.92
#> 14 5.04 9.77 7.14 67.1 384.5 77.4 0 24.8 13.14 9.65 10.27
#> 15 5.77 7.81 6.37 30.5 182.8 93.6 1 24.5 11.31 9.61 6.30
#> 16 5.70 9.46 7.16 50.9 239.6 90.9 0 23.2 12.15 9.91 7.84
#> 17 5.47 8.46 6.28 25.9 179.0 54.8 1 25.2 12.75 9.40 11.12
#> 18 5.32 7.26 6.63 27.7 141.1 41.6 0 20.9 2.02 1.53 1.54
#> 19 4.89 6.88 5.02 23.1 74.8 42.5 0 34.7 13.33 8.97 11.56
#> 20 5.88 7.80 5.51 46.5 294.4 134.0 0 30.8 8.55 5.32 8.89
#> 21 4.90 7.68 8.50 27.0 179.6 72.7 0 21.5 10.69 7.67 9.81
#> 22 6.29 8.32 8.21 57.1 293.8 98.1 1 24.4 9.11 5.50 6.87
#> 23 5.97 9.72 5.67 98.9 619.9 295.7 0 24.1 12.62 10.86 12.13
#> 24 5.08 9.96 5.55 52.9 189.4 185.1 0 29.1 8.95 8.04 5.11
#> 25 4.69 6.86 4.47 49.0 226.9 113.8 0 25.7 11.56 9.39 7.84
#> 26 4.84 8.67 8.68 52.4 334.8 102.3 0 27.0 8.83 7.49 7.82
#> 27 5.33 9.15 8.10 78.0 362.8 133.6 1 25.9 6.72 5.83 4.06
#> 28 5.08 8.55 5.96 47.2 246.4 24.7 1 25.8 13.63 10.38 14.38
#> 29 5.03 7.42 6.88 56.1 272.9 144.8 0 31.5 12.22 9.37 12.84
#> 30 4.72 7.82 5.42 89.7 607.9 231.0 1 25.1 15.17 10.36 12.30
#> 31 5.18 8.16 5.81 121.9 542.2 314.1 0 32.1 10.20 8.14 10.23
#> 32 4.81 8.46 5.06 97.3 628.3 307.7 1 19.8 13.38 9.01 9.26
#> 33 4.37 7.27 4.86 51.9 224.1 117.2 0 28.3 15.93 10.94 8.64
#> 34 5.01 8.99 8.19 71.0 365.7 141.2 1 26.5 9.16 7.46 7.20
#> 35 5.66 8.56 6.80 79.6 457.3 203.7 1 26.9 6.03 4.93 4.83
#> 36 4.91 8.95 6.25 41.8 159.8 107.9 0 27.5 9.28 6.05 6.70
#> 37 5.50 7.86 6.99 79.9 321.3 197.4 0 24.0 9.36 6.48 5.81
#> 38 4.39 6.58 7.07 72.2 524.2 168.9 0 24.7 10.46 7.44 8.68
#> 39 5.17 10.96 5.75 27.1 116.0 119.5 0 21.9 15.14 9.44 7.76
#> 40 5.46 8.33 5.47 48.4 298.6 86.8 1 21.7 9.02 7.34 9.05
#> 41 5.35 8.79 8.56 59.2 397.5 138.7 0 27.2 11.12 8.51 9.61
#> 42 5.25 8.96 5.92 56.8 338.0 103.3 1 27.8 9.32 5.97 8.55
#> 43 4.88 7.69 5.21 65.5 461.1 183.9 1 26.2 10.06 8.98 8.09
#> 44 4.78 8.39 4.50 55.6 238.0 163.6 0 29.7 10.94 8.41 7.46
#> 45 4.69 8.19 4.35 22.8 152.3 82.0 0 34.2 13.98 11.69 11.18
#> 46 5.26 8.29 5.77 37.1 195.4 95.9 0 24.0 10.36 8.85 10.52
#> 47 4.73 7.98 6.67 48.9 360.8 139.8 0 16.8 12.14 10.48 10.69
#> 48 4.95 8.12 7.48 86.8 441.2 248.8 1 30.0 12.34 10.37 9.34
#> 49 5.07 9.97 7.12 90.2 385.2 172.7 0 23.2 12.74 10.09 13.09
#> 50 6.12 8.73 6.88 50.6 263.2 123.0 0 23.2 8.28 6.53 5.85
#> Homa_beta
#> 1 85.08489
#> 2 84.84603
#> 3 267.63761
#> 4 133.54626
#> 5 64.02098
#> 6 103.74624
#> 7 73.38328
#> 8 93.61695
#> 9 130.05901
#> 10 152.02201
#> 11 92.35358
#> 12 56.60391
#> 13 135.27010
#> 14 145.26714
#> 15 44.79604
#> 16 77.13664
#> 17 43.83279
#> 18 50.74275
#> 19 55.40676
#> 20 65.13908
#> 21 64.29857
#> 22 68.23348
#> 23 133.49498
#> 24 111.62570
#> 25 137.28235
#> 26 130.37433
#> 27 142.10492
#> 28 99.59797
#> 29 122.24667
#> 30 245.13098
#> 31 241.91345
#> 32 247.63221
#> 33 198.89034
#> 34 156.76424
#> 35 122.86407
#> 36 98.83773
#> 37 133.19330
#> 38 270.46607
#> 39 54.10263
#> 40 82.32939
#> 41 106.68800
#> 42 108.21211
#> 43 158.24420
#> 44 144.82062
#> 45 63.87832
#> 46 70.27920
#> 47 132.54683
#> 48 199.58014
#> 49 191.54573
#> 50 64.38947
insulin_release(example_data, category = c("fasting", "ogtt"))
#> G0 G30 G120 I0 I30 I120 sex bmi Glucagon0 Glucagon30 Glucagon120
#> 1 5.71 8.39 5.59 56.4 283.5 171.5 0 19.3 3.33 2.58 3.72
#> 2 5.06 8.45 6.31 39.7 153.9 115.1 0 29.4 13.71 10.10 6.92
#> 3 4.59 7.85 6.16 87.5 512.8 257.1 0 26.6 6.28 4.27 4.58
#> 4 5.29 7.72 7.01 71.7 390.1 67.7 1 21.4 11.36 8.71 8.77
#> 5 5.13 8.27 5.78 31.3 182.5 90.7 0 31.0 11.98 8.02 9.56
#> 6 5.20 9.56 5.12 52.9 374.3 155.3 1 27.7 9.40 7.17 9.05
#> 7 5.39 8.95 8.11 41.6 291.2 104.8 1 24.8 8.06 5.92 8.85
#> 8 5.01 8.24 5.79 42.4 221.1 172.1 1 29.6 10.50 6.71 9.53
#> 9 5.52 8.38 5.68 78.8 546.2 129.9 0 29.5 11.32 8.90 12.30
#> 10 5.09 6.65 6.01 72.5 296.1 171.5 0 29.3 12.65 9.67 12.55
#> 11 5.37 9.48 6.33 51.8 264.2 135.8 1 28.8 3.84 2.48 2.26
#> 12 5.75 7.78 8.28 38.2 218.7 125.8 1 28.2 5.09 3.91 3.05
#> 13 5.42 9.21 6.72 77.9 553.7 165.6 1 25.8 14.29 10.40 8.92
#> 14 5.04 9.77 7.14 67.1 384.5 77.4 0 24.8 13.14 9.65 10.27
#> 15 5.77 7.81 6.37 30.5 182.8 93.6 1 24.5 11.31 9.61 6.30
#> 16 5.70 9.46 7.16 50.9 239.6 90.9 0 23.2 12.15 9.91 7.84
#> 17 5.47 8.46 6.28 25.9 179.0 54.8 1 25.2 12.75 9.40 11.12
#> 18 5.32 7.26 6.63 27.7 141.1 41.6 0 20.9 2.02 1.53 1.54
#> 19 4.89 6.88 5.02 23.1 74.8 42.5 0 34.7 13.33 8.97 11.56
#> 20 5.88 7.80 5.51 46.5 294.4 134.0 0 30.8 8.55 5.32 8.89
#> 21 4.90 7.68 8.50 27.0 179.6 72.7 0 21.5 10.69 7.67 9.81
#> 22 6.29 8.32 8.21 57.1 293.8 98.1 1 24.4 9.11 5.50 6.87
#> 23 5.97 9.72 5.67 98.9 619.9 295.7 0 24.1 12.62 10.86 12.13
#> 24 5.08 9.96 5.55 52.9 189.4 185.1 0 29.1 8.95 8.04 5.11
#> 25 4.69 6.86 4.47 49.0 226.9 113.8 0 25.7 11.56 9.39 7.84
#> 26 4.84 8.67 8.68 52.4 334.8 102.3 0 27.0 8.83 7.49 7.82
#> 27 5.33 9.15 8.10 78.0 362.8 133.6 1 25.9 6.72 5.83 4.06
#> 28 5.08 8.55 5.96 47.2 246.4 24.7 1 25.8 13.63 10.38 14.38
#> 29 5.03 7.42 6.88 56.1 272.9 144.8 0 31.5 12.22 9.37 12.84
#> 30 4.72 7.82 5.42 89.7 607.9 231.0 1 25.1 15.17 10.36 12.30
#> 31 5.18 8.16 5.81 121.9 542.2 314.1 0 32.1 10.20 8.14 10.23
#> 32 4.81 8.46 5.06 97.3 628.3 307.7 1 19.8 13.38 9.01 9.26
#> 33 4.37 7.27 4.86 51.9 224.1 117.2 0 28.3 15.93 10.94 8.64
#> 34 5.01 8.99 8.19 71.0 365.7 141.2 1 26.5 9.16 7.46 7.20
#> 35 5.66 8.56 6.80 79.6 457.3 203.7 1 26.9 6.03 4.93 4.83
#> 36 4.91 8.95 6.25 41.8 159.8 107.9 0 27.5 9.28 6.05 6.70
#> 37 5.50 7.86 6.99 79.9 321.3 197.4 0 24.0 9.36 6.48 5.81
#> 38 4.39 6.58 7.07 72.2 524.2 168.9 0 24.7 10.46 7.44 8.68
#> 39 5.17 10.96 5.75 27.1 116.0 119.5 0 21.9 15.14 9.44 7.76
#> 40 5.46 8.33 5.47 48.4 298.6 86.8 1 21.7 9.02 7.34 9.05
#> 41 5.35 8.79 8.56 59.2 397.5 138.7 0 27.2 11.12 8.51 9.61
#> 42 5.25 8.96 5.92 56.8 338.0 103.3 1 27.8 9.32 5.97 8.55
#> 43 4.88 7.69 5.21 65.5 461.1 183.9 1 26.2 10.06 8.98 8.09
#> 44 4.78 8.39 4.50 55.6 238.0 163.6 0 29.7 10.94 8.41 7.46
#> 45 4.69 8.19 4.35 22.8 152.3 82.0 0 34.2 13.98 11.69 11.18
#> 46 5.26 8.29 5.77 37.1 195.4 95.9 0 24.0 10.36 8.85 10.52
#> 47 4.73 7.98 6.67 48.9 360.8 139.8 0 16.8 12.14 10.48 10.69
#> 48 4.95 8.12 7.48 86.8 441.2 248.8 1 30.0 12.34 10.37 9.34
#> 49 5.07 9.97 7.12 90.2 385.2 172.7 0 23.2 12.74 10.09 13.09
#> 50 6.12 8.73 6.88 50.6 263.2 123.0 0 23.2 8.28 6.53 5.85
#> Homa_beta Cir Stumvoll Xinsdg30 Xinsg30 Di Bigtt_air
#> 1 85.08489 0.38624419 850.5693 0.7847755 4.512225 0.04323715 1161.7892
#> 2 84.84603 0.20544797 542.2165 0.3119820 2.252916 0.04498467 1650.5366
#> 3 267.63761 0.84850015 1462.1662 1.2082057 9.031530 0.04893109 3477.8539
#> 4 133.54626 0.67861662 1196.1813 1.2134723 6.875295 0.05766393 2609.2182
#> 5 64.02098 0.25915744 587.8071 0.4459490 3.047768 0.07130919 1734.9674
#> 6 103.74624 0.35520933 841.1615 0.6826883 5.604328 0.05052567 2111.0444
#> 7 73.38328 0.33076005 731.1550 0.6493184 4.648974 0.05472084 2126.2318
#> 8 93.61695 0.31728676 704.4367 0.5123717 3.615205 0.05178532 2184.4180
#> 9 130.05901 0.74669710 1416.9274 1.5135117 9.297802 0.05222469 2832.8436
#> 10 152.02201 0.82970454 1175.6819 1.3274259 5.605131 0.05270061 2552.1323
#> 11 92.35358 0.25645841 646.7354 0.4786034 3.734924 0.04052172 1920.8472
#> 12 56.60391 0.37169451 748.0067 0.8234633 3.867526 0.05413571 2127.6611
#> 13 135.27010 0.58130379 1312.1291 1.1626482 8.611928 0.04263804 3072.0956
#> 14 145.26714 0.34429680 884.2527 0.6214538 5.415617 0.04391487 2078.6996
#> 15 44.79604 0.30711894 649.1402 0.6914055 3.250757 0.06930063 1516.2147
#> 16 77.13664 0.23390766 601.1212 0.4647797 3.325189 0.03970777 1260.1314
#> 17 43.83279 0.23815049 534.6838 0.4742061 3.016758 0.08361592 1576.5301
#> 18 50.74275 0.29662511 638.5943 0.5413454 2.603826 0.09189113 1333.0225
#> 19 55.40676 0.18701274 552.6864 0.2406027 1.252673 0.08657447 1934.4658
#> 20 65.13908 0.49651645 914.9956 1.1957445 5.298068 0.06087733 1712.0573
#> 21 64.29857 0.31737242 648.1164 0.5083617 3.312294 0.08469111 1804.5633
#> 22 68.23348 0.41002130 881.7574 1.0798547 4.742535 0.04228979 1768.1882
#> 23 133.49498 0.56272297 1441.6839 1.2866770 8.935257 0.02938318 1966.8487
#> 24 111.62570 0.16115473 447.4994 0.2590454 2.284593 0.02742134 1373.8272
#> 25 137.28235 0.57277239 931.3461 0.7592404 4.323022 0.07909343 1950.6806
#> 26 130.37433 0.41555461 890.4730 0.6828558 5.429767 0.05435171 2680.2708
#> 27 142.10492 0.38775669 971.6722 0.6904619 5.188651 0.03397313 2611.3307
#> 28 99.59797 0.31810883 725.8190 0.5316465 3.883818 0.06964906 2064.2328
#> 29 122.24667 0.53589393 964.5893 0.8400874 4.870695 0.05481873 2591.5193
#> 30 245.13098 1.01742091 1648.5635 1.5480993 11.046540 0.05573838 4291.9953
#> 31 241.91345 0.80042211 1602.6986 1.3061896 8.586276 0.03158436 3542.4672
#> 32 247.63221 0.83592152 1625.7743 1.3473014 10.463085 0.04421527 3252.5510
#> 33 198.89034 0.46907101 880.2967 0.5499184 3.948520 0.06997499 2308.9275
#> 34 156.76424 0.41029013 972.7643 0.6857411 5.464571 0.03912266 2984.7325
#> 35 122.86407 0.58843409 1232.3809 1.2061799 7.355443 0.03854411 2679.9004
#> 36 98.83773 0.18150912 491.5788 0.2704978 2.197832 0.04267989 1559.9005
#> 37 133.19330 0.52962287 1081.8585 0.9473018 5.119768 0.03471561 1875.4067
#> 38 270.46607 1.52310584 1601.4542 1.9114257 11.451125 0.08066950 4408.8550
#> 39 54.10263 0.07701057 77.2332 0.1421956 1.352156 0.03442589 836.4816
#> 40 82.32939 0.41528262 856.3332 0.8073624 5.007004 0.06383273 1692.1456
#> 41 106.68800 0.47472740 1014.1569 0.9107657 6.415769 0.04618561 2492.3465
#> 42 108.21211 0.38273322 872.6996 0.7019473 5.231701 0.05231896 2289.7367
#> 43 158.24420 0.81161265 1306.8149 1.3038062 8.575620 0.06574602 3214.9764
#> 44 144.82062 0.32425438 764.3322 0.4679298 3.624086 0.04764691 1849.3124
#> 45 63.87832 0.22244668 511.6053 0.3426611 2.635855 0.09963470 1870.2119
#> 46 70.27920 0.27554865 630.5048 0.4838396 3.183186 0.06218738 1367.8115
#> 47 132.54683 0.56860798 1020.5280 0.8887817 6.515505 0.06965815 1887.7286
#> 48 199.58014 0.66071723 1291.1204 1.0353747 7.275675 0.03807327 3964.9067
#> 49 191.54573 0.32688784 944.9262 0.5575567 4.932447 0.02780826 1922.3620
#> 50 64.38947 0.32041820 744.4050 0.7543725 4.059613 0.04208445 1201.8448
#> Dibig
#> 1 13100.08
#> 2 16881.84
#> 3 24216.89
#> 4 24179.56
#> 5 17734.61
#> 6 16087.13
#> 7 18446.94
#> 8 17499.73
#> 9 18592.37
#> 10 20198.09
#> 11 14330.20
#> 12 15865.84
#> 13 18564.25
#> 14 20084.37
#> 15 15244.70
#> 16 13326.48
#> 17 17289.47
#> 18 20901.01
#> 19 21676.63
#> 20 13351.09
#> 21 25853.58
#> 22 12874.56
#> 23 10474.03
#> 24 12237.10
#> 25 24406.13
#> 26 24755.32
#> 27 17533.00
#> 28 21815.67
#> 29 20509.37
#> 30 26797.73
#> 31 14765.73
#> 32 21437.79
#> 33 26623.17
#> 34 20878.65
#> 35 14997.33
#> 36 17449.39
#> 37 15039.79
#> 38 39267.22
#> 39 11905.85
#> 40 17952.81
#> 41 19035.63
#> 42 18062.61
#> 43 24080.26
#> 44 17584.10
#> 45 20352.16
#> 46 17189.31
#> 47 26888.77
#> 48 19928.16
#> 49 15832.67
#> 50 11503.76